Evaluation of the morphokinetic parameters and development of pre-implantation embryos obtained by testicular, epididymal and ejaculate spermatozoa using time-lapse imaging system

Abstract

Low sperm quality has negative effects on fertilisation and embryo development. The males with azoospermia apply for testicular sperm extraction (TESE) or microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) in order to retrieve sperm. To date, there have not